Justia Criminal Law Opinion Summaries

After a jury trial, Defendant was convicted of kidnapping in the first degree, among other charges. Defendant was a juvenile at the time of the kidnapping. The district court sentenced Defendant to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for the kidnapping conviction. After the U.S. Supreme Court decided Graham v. Florida, Defendant filed a motion to correct an illegal sentence on the kidnapping conviction, contending that his sentence violated the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The district court agreed that the sentence was unconstitutional and corrected Defendant’s conviction to life in prison with immediate parole eligibility. Defendant appealed, claiming, inter alia, that his sentence was unconstitutional under both the U.S. and the Iowa Constitutions. The court of appeals affirmed Defendant’s conviction and sentence as corrected. The Supreme Court conditionally affirmed, holding that Defendant’s sentence was constitutional under the U.S. Constitution. Because Defendant’s claims that his sentence was illegal under the Iowa Constitution were not fully developed, the Court did not reach those claims. Remanded. View "State v. Hoeck" on Justia Law

Defendant was charged with several crimes based on his involvement in a shooting. The jury found Defendant guilty of intimidation with a dangerous weapon with intent, among other crimes. At the same time, the jury answered “no” to a special interrogatory asking whether Defendant had possessed a firearm. The district court concluded that the verdicts were inconsistent and proposed that the matter be resubmitted to the jury. However, Defendant and the State requested that the court accept the verdicts as rendered. Accordingly, the district court accepted the verdicts. Defendant subsequently appealed. The court of appeals reversed and remanded for a new trial on the intimidation charge, finding the special interrogatory answer in direct conflict with the jury’s guilty verdict. The Supreme Court vacated the decision of the court of appeals and affirmed the judgment of the district court, holding that the verdicts were not inconsistent based on how the case was charged to the jury. View "State v. Merrett" on Justia Law

After a jury trial, Defendant was convicted of escape. Defendant appealed, arguing, among other things, that the district court abused its discretion when it refused to instruct the jury that the crime of absence from custody was a lesser included offense of escape. The court of appeals denied each claim raised by Defendant and affirmed. The Supreme Court vacated the decision of the court of appeals and reversed the judgment of the district court, holding that the crime of absence from custody is a lesser included offense of the crime of escape. Remanded for a new trial. View "State v. Miller" on Justia Law

Anthony Geltz was prosecuted as a juvenile and adjudicated delinquent for sexual abuse in the second degree for an offense he committed when he was fourteen years old. After Geltz turned eighteen, the State petitioned to have him declared a sexually violent predator (SVP) under Iowa Code 229A.2(11). The district court ordered Geltz confined as an SVP based on Geltz's previous offense. The Supreme Court reversed, holding (1) a juvenile adjudication does not constitute a predicate conviction required to commit an offender as an SVP pursuant to section 229A.2; and (2) therefore, the district court erred in committing Geltz as an SVP solely on the basis of his juvenile adjudication for the offense he committed at age fourteen. View "In re Detention of Geltz" on Justia Law

Defendant pled guilty to four counts of fraudulent practices for willfully failing to file his Iowa income tax returns and pay taxes for the years 2006 through 2009. After a restitution hearing, the district court ordered Defendant to pay restitution in the form of unpaid taxes but denied the State's request for penalties and interest as part of the restitution order. The Supreme Court reversed the district court's denial of penalties and interest as part of the restitution order, holding that the court erred by not including in its restitution order (1) the requested civil tax penalties, as the civil tax penalties were properly awarded as an element of pecuniary damages in the restitution order; and (2) prejudgment and postjudgment interest at the statutory rate under Iowa Code 421.7. View "State v. Hagen" on Justia Law

After a jury trial, Defendant was convicted of third-degree sexual abuse. Six years later, the Supreme Court overturned Defendant's conviction and sentence and remanded for a new trial. The second trial resulted in Defendant's acquittal. Defendant subsequently filed an application to be declared a wrongfully imprisoned individual pursuant to Iowa Code 663A.1. The district court granted the application. The State appealed. The Supreme Court reversed and remanded, holding (1) Defendant was eligible to bring a wrongful imprisonment claim when he was acquitted on retrial; (2) the district court erred by failing to consider testimony that had been presented at Defendant's two criminal trials in making the wrongful imprisonment determination, even though the State did not show the witnesses were no longer available; and (3) while substantial evidence supported the district court's finding of innocence on the existing record, a remand was necessary for the court to consider the full record, including the prior testimony. View "State v. DeSimone" on Justia Law

Defendant was the driver in an accident that resulted in the deaths of Mark Empen and Lindsay Gibbs. Defendant entered into civil settlement agreements with the estates of Empen and Gibbs. Defendant subsequently pleaded guilty to two counts of homicide by vehicle. The district court sentenced Defendant to a term of imprisonment and ordered Defendant to pay restitution to the victims' families. Several years later, Defendant applied for an order stating he had satisfied his restitution obligation, arguing that the settlement amounts paid to the victims' estates should be set off against the restitution amounts he was ordered to pay the families. The district court denied the applications. The Supreme Court reversed, holding that Defendant was entitled to a setoff for the settlement payments made to each estate. View "State v. Driscoll" on Justia Law

Defendant pleaded guilty to theft and agreed to enter a drug court program. The district court also ordered that Defendant participate in residential treatment at the Iowa Residential Treatment Center (IRTC). As a result of drug court program violations, Defendant was incarcerated in jail for a period of time. Defendant was later arrested for another violation of the terms of the drug court program. The district court then removed Defendant from participation in the drug court program and imposed a sentence for second-degree theft as a habitual offender pursuant to the plea bargain. Upon resentencing, the district court denied Defendant credit for time spent at IRTC and for the time Defendant spent in jail. The Supreme Court vacated the district court sentence in part, holding that Defendant was entitled to credit for time spent at the IRTC and for time spent in jail as a result of his drug court program violations. View "State v. Calvin" on Justia Law

After a jury trial, Defendant was convicted of the second-degree murder of his live-in girlfriend. The Supreme Court affirmed, holding that the district court did not reversibly err by (1) failing to submit an instruction on the lesser included offense of voluntary manslaughter, as the evidence of provocation was insufficient to support admission; (2) excluding hearsay evidence relevant to Defendant's diminished-capacity defense based on his posttraumatic stress disorder, as Defendant failed to lay a foundation supporting any exception to the hearsay rule; (3) declining to obtain and review the victim's mental health records for exculpatory information; and (4) denying Defendant's motion for a new trial. View "State v. Thompson" on Justia Law

After a jury trial, Defendant was convicted of six counts of child endangerment and sentenced to fifty years in prison. The victim was Defendant's seven-week-old son. The baby suffered fifteen rib fractures, a broken arm, and a permanent brain injury over a three-week period. The victim's mother (Mother) pled guilty to child endangerment. On appeal, the Supreme Court (1) vacated Defendant's convictions as to two counts for the baby's broken ribs, holding that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the convictions; (2) reversed the trial court's denial of Defendant's motion for an in camera review of Mother's mental health records under Iowa Code 622.10(4), a statute the Court upheld as constitutional; and (3) otherwise affirmed. View "State v. Neiderbach" on Justia Law