Justia Criminal Law Opinion Summaries

After defendant pleaded guilty to illegal reentry after removal, he challenged the application of a 16-level sentencing enhancement under USSG 2L1.2 for a prior drug trafficking conviction. The Fifth Circuit affirmed, holding that defendant's 120-day sentence was a sentence of imprisonment, regardless of whether he served it in whole or in part through the work release program under California Penal Code section 4024.2. Based on his cumulative 485-day sentence, defendant was previously convicted of a felony during a trafficking offense for which the sentence exceeded 13 months. The court also held that, even assuming the district court's reliance on the plea document was error, the error was harmless. Finally, United States v. Garcia-Carrillo, 749 F.3d 376, 378 (5th Cir. 2014), was dispositive of defendant's argument that the court should remand for the district court to determine whether a lesser sentence was appropriate under an amendment to the Guidelines that took effect after the date of his sentence. In Garcia-Carrillo, the court held that it is not plain error for a district court to fail to consider a non-retroactive post-sentencing amendment to the Guidelines, even if it might have affected the sentence imposed by the district court. View "United States v. Enrique-Ascencio" on Justia Law

The Fifth Circuit reversed and remanded the denial of defendant's motion for a sentence reduction. The court held that the district court's stated view that its hands were tied with regard to reducing the money-laundering sentence was error. The court explained that if a reduction was appropriate for the drug-trafficking offense levels, then it was appropriate for money-laundering as well. The error affected defendant's substantial rights and the court chose to exercise its discretion to correct the error. View "United States v. Torres" on Justia Law

The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's denial of defendant's motion for a new trial, holding that the Government did not breach the plea agreement. In this case, the Government was not estopped from recommending that the district court deny a reduction for acceptance of responsibility and to instead apply a two-level increase for obstructing justice. Furthermore, the record did not support defendant's claim of prosecutorial vindictiveness. View "United States v. Cluff" on Justia Law

Pursuant to the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), 28 U.S.C .1915(g), a third strike bars a prisoner from proceeding in forma pauperis unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury. A strike issues when a prisoner's action is dismissed as frivolous, malicious, or for failure to state a claim. However, a strike does not issue when only some claims are dismissed on section 1915(g) grounds. In this case, plaintiff's claims were dismissed for failure to state a claim while others were adequately pleaded but failed at summary judgment. The Fifth Circuit affirmed the dismissal of plaintiff's claim that defendants were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs, but vacated the strike because the strike did not issue when only some of plaintiff's claims were dismissed on section 1915(g) grounds. View "Brown v. Megg" on Justia Law

Defendant and others opened fire at a second-line parade in New Orleans on Mother's Day 2013, shooting a rival gang member and 19 innocent bystanders. Defendant pleaded guilty to charges related to the shooting pursuant to a written plea agreement. The Fifth Circuit held that the Government did not breach the plea agreement by presenting evidence of an unrelated murder at sentencing; rejected defendant's claim that the Government's misleading statements and failure to disclose evidence rendered his plea unknowing and involuntary; and denied plaintiff's ineffective assistance of counsel claim without prejudice to collateral review. View "United States v. Scott" on Justia Law

Petitioner challenged the district court's transfer of his habeas petition to the Fifth Circuit based on the ground that the petition was second or successive. The Fifth Circuit affirmed the transfer order, holding that there was no intervening judgment here because the 2014 Texas Court of Criminal Appeal decision was not the one authorizing petitioner's confinement. In the alternative, the Fifth Circuit found that petitioner had made a requisite prima facie showing to file a successive habeas petition and the court granted his motion for authorization to file a successive petition. In this case, petitioner's Atkins claim relied on a previously unavailable new rule of constitutional law and his Atkins claim had merit. View "In Re: Eric Cathey" on Justia Law

The Fifth Circuit held that a superseding indictment is lawful when returned by a grand jury located in the venue where the alleged crime occurred but from which the case has been transferred. Furthermore, it was not reversible error to include definitions of "offer" and "promise" that defendant wanted in the jury charge on bribery where these terms were not so technical or inscrutable that a definition was necessary. In this case, defendant was first convicted of money laundering and facing a sentence before a federal judge in Austin. Defendant was then charged with bribing the federal judge in Austin, successfully obtained a transfer of the bribery case to federal court in Louisiana, and found guilty of both conspiring to bribe and offering a bribe to the judge presiding over his money laundering case. View "United States v. Colorado Cessa" on Justia Law

The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's application of a four-level sentencing enhancement under USSG 2A2.2(b)(2)(B) for use of a dangerous weapon, concluding that shoes in conjunction with the hard ground constitute a dangerous weapon. Defendant ultimately pleaded guilty to a bill of information for misprision of a felony after he used his shoe to stomp the victim's head against the solid prison floor. View "United States v. Velasco" on Justia Law

The court affirmed the denial of defendant's motion to suppress evidence obtained from an initial stop, holding that a state computer database indication of insurance status may establish reasonable suspicion when the officer was familiar with the database and the system itself was reliable. Officers initially stopped defendant after a computer search lead to the discovery that he was in the country illegally and was harboring undocumented immigrants at his residence. Defendant conditionally plead guilty to one count of conspiracy to transport undocumented aliens. In this case, viewed in the light most favorable to the government, the officer's testimony provided sufficient support for the reliability of the database where the officer explained the process for inputting license plate information, described how records in the database were kept, and noted that he was familiar with these records. View "United States v. Broca-Martinez" on Justia Law

After a jury convicted Lisa Jo Chamberlin of two counts of capital murder and sentenced her to death, the district court granted habeas relief on the ground that the state court erred in finding that there was no racial exclusion of jurors at her trial. Chamberlin, a white defendant, had challenged the exclusion of black jurors. The court affirmed the district court's judgment on the ground that the Mississippi court's decision was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts under 18 U.S.C. 2254(d)(2). In this case, the court explained that clear and convincing evidence, including more damning comparative juror analysis than existed in Miller-El v. Dretke or Reed v. Quarterman, rebuts the state court's finding of no discrimination. Accordingly, the court affirmed the judgment. View "Chamberlin v. Fisher, Commissioner" on Justia Law