Justia Criminal Law Opinion Summaries

The Eighth Circuit affirmed the judgment of the district court convicting Defendant of unlawful possession of a firearm as a previously convicted felon and sentencing him to 105 months in prison, holding that there was no reversible error in the proceedings below.The presentence report in this case recommended a base offense level of 20 and an advisory guideline range of 92 to 115 months' incarceration. The parties subsequently determined that Defendant's base offense level should be 14. The court considered the sentencing factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. 3553(a) and ultimately imposed a sentence of 105 months' imprisonment. The Eighth Circuit affirmed, holding that the sentence was not excessive or unreasonable and that the court did not abuse its discretion by considering an improper sentencing factor. View "United States v. Jones" on Justia Law

The Eighth Circuit affirmed the judgment of the district court convicting Defendant of aggravated sexual abuse of a child, holding that there was no error in the proceedings below.On appeal, Defendant challenged two of the district court's evidentiary rulings. Specifically, Defendant argued that the district court erred in admitting the expert of Dr. Stacy Benson, a licensed clinical psychologist with a specialization in the evaluation and treatment of sex offenders, and a video recording of the victim's forensic interview. The Eighth Circuit affirmed, holding that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting either Dr. Benson's testimony or the video recording of the victim's forensic interview. View "United States v. Counts" on Justia Law

The Eighth Circuit reversed the order of the district court in this criminal case declaring inadmissible any communications that were "made in confidence" between Defendant and his spouse during the evening of the crimes giving rise to Defendant's charges of arson within Indian country and felony murder within Indian country, holding that an exception to the marital communications privilege applied in this case.Defendant allegedly started a cabin fire that killed an occupant of the dwelling. During his criminal trial, Defendant filed a motion in limine to prevent the government from introducing incriminating statements that Defendant made to his wife after the fire. The district court granted the motion, concluding that if there were a spousal-victim exception to the marital communications privilege, it would not apply in this case. The Eighth Circuit reversed, holding that Defendant's statements to his spouse fell within the third-person/spousal-victim exception. View "United States v. White Owl" on Justia Law

Someone shot a St. Louis fire captain and his passenger. The fire captain described the shooter as a “black male,” once on a 911 call right after the shooting, again when responding officers arrived on the scene, and again to an officer at the hospital. He did not give that description to Detective Bowles, who investigated the case. Bowles focused his attention on the Hartman brothers, who are white. Nearby cameras had captured them driving in the area and then stopping shortly before the shooting. Based on this evidence, Detective Bowles requested multiple search and arrest warrants. The paperwork Bowles submitted omitted the fact that the fire captain had described the shooter as black.The brothers were eventually released and sued Bowles, citing the Fourth Amendment, 42 U.S.C. 1983. The Eighth Circuit affirmed the dismissal of the suit. A detective does not violate a clearly established constitutional right by omitting information from a warrant application that he does not actually know, even if the reason is his own reckless investigation. To succeed, the Hartmans had to show that Bowles omitted facts “with the intent to make, or in reckless disregard of whether they make, the affidavit misleading.” Bowles is entitled to qualified immunity. View "Hartman v. Bowles" on Justia Law

The Eighth Circuit reversed the judgment of the district court denying Defendant's motion for postconviction relief under 28 U.S.C. 2255 arguing that his firearm conviction under 18 U.S.C. 924(c) should be vacated in light of United States v. Davis, 139 S. Ct. 2319 (2019), holding that Defendant overcame the procedural default of his challenge to the firearm conviction and that relief was warranted.After the Supreme Court's decision in Davis, Defendant moved to vacate his conviction for brandishing a firearm during a conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery. In light of Davis, Defendant argued that his conviction under section 924(c) should be vacated because he did not brandish a firearm during a crime of violence. The Eighth Circuit agreed and remanded the case, holding (1) Defendant established cause for failing to raise the Davis issue on direct review; and (2) Defendant's conviction under section 924(c) was premised on a mistaken conclusion that conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery was a crime of violence. View "Jones v. United States" on Justia Law

Isaiah Hammett was killed during the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department’s (SLMPD) execution of a search warrant at his grandfather’s home. Hammett’s surviving mother and grandfather, Gina Torres and Dennis Torres (Dennis), brought Fourth Amendment excessive force and unlawful seizure claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, conspiracy claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985, and state law wrongful death and infliction of emotional distress claims against the City of St. Louis and multiple SLMPD officers.The district court denied the City and defendant officers’ motion for summary judgment on these claims, and they appealed. The Eighth Circuit determined it lacked jurisdiction to review the denial of qualified immunity "if at the heart of the argument is a dispute of fact." The Court found that in their essence, defendants' arguments were related to the of the sufficiency of the evidence, and whether certain opinion testimony presented at trial created a genuine issue of fact. To the extent that defendants asserted arguments beyond the scope of the Court's jurisdiction, the Eighth Circuit dismissed their appeal. On the few arguments that remained, the Court reversed the district court's denial of the defendant officers' qualified immunity claims: Dennis was not seized for purposes of the Fourth Amendment; (2) the City could not have conspired with itself through the defendant officers acting within the scope of their employment; and (3) the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine did not apply to § 1983 conspiracy claims. Judgment was dismissed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings. View "Torres v. Coats" on Justia Law

Defendant-appellant Caesar Vaca lied to detectives when he told them he had never possessed a gun. He had pleaded guilty to a crime more than 20 years earlier that involved the use of one. The issue presented for the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals was whether evidence of the prior conviction was admissible. The district court said yes, and the Eighth Circuit affirmed. View "United States v. Vaca" on Justia Law

Herbert Green previously appealed the denial of his motion to suppress drugs and firearms discovered in his apartment during a law enforcement search outside the scope of the police’s warrant. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals remanded the case to the district court to make factual findings necessary to determine whether the independent source doctrine supported denial of Green’s motion to suppress. After additional briefing and an evidentiary hearing, the district court found law enforcement would have requested and obtained a federal warrant to search the apartment notwithstanding the protective sweep. Based on this finding, the Eighth Circuit held that the independent source doctrine justified the district court’s denial of suppression. View "United States v. Green" on Justia Law

Defendant pleaded guilty to distributing 50 grams or more of methamphetamine, 21 U.S.C. Section 841. The district court imposed a bottom-of-Guidelines sentence of 87 months in prison. Defendant challenged his sentence as procedurally and substantively unreasonable.   The Eighth Circuit affirmed the sentence. The court explained that “procedural error includes failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the Section 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence—including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.” United States v. Feemster, 572 F.3d 455, 461 (8th Cir. 2009).   Where, as here, the defendant fails to object at sentencing, the court reviews for plain error. Plain error is (1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights. The court wrote that contrary to Defendant’s argument, the court found that the safety valve applied. But safety valve eligibility does not guarantee Defendant a below-statutory minimum sentence; it just gives the court the opportunity to sentence below the minimum if it believes it is appropriate. Defendant argued that the court needed to specifically explain why it decided not to impose a below-minimum sentence— beyond the usual explanation for choosing a particular sentence. But he does not cite any cases from this circuit announcing such a rule, and the out-of-circuit cases he cites do not support his argument. Further, the court found that a within-Guidelines sentence is presumptively reasonable and the court’s Section 3553(a) analysis was proper. View "United States v. Jaamil Owens" on Justia Law

Petitioner is serving a life sentence for murder in Minnesota. He brought a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the district court, alleging that the state trial court violated his right to a public trial and that the decision of the state supreme court upholding his conviction was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law.   The Eighth Circuit affirmed the district court’s denial of Petitioner’s petition for writ of habeas corpus. Petitioner challenged the state court’s disposition of his claim alleging a violation of the right to a public trial. The court wrote that it evaluates the reasonableness of the state court’s ultimate conclusion, not necessarily the reasoning used to justify the decision. The state supreme court’s decision, in this case, is not contrary to Waller and Presley. See Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39 (1984); Presley v. Georgia, 558 U.S. 209 (2010).   The court agreed with the district court that fair-minded jurists could take the view that the substantial reasons justifying witness sequestration during the evidentiary phase of a trial extend to jury voir dire. Thus, the court cannot say it was unreasonable for the state court to treat jury voir dire as an undifferentiated whole for purposes of sequestration of a key alibi witness. Therefore, the state court’s denial of the claim based on sequestration of Petitioner’s girlfriend did not involve an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law. Finally, a defendant may waive his right to a public trial by consenting to the closure of a proceeding. Under any standard of review, Petitioner waived his present claim that the exclusion of Stivers from the courtroom during jury selection violated the right to a public trial. View "Tracy Alan Zornes v. William Bolin" on Justia Law